The Berkeley Guides:
Great Britain and Northern Ireland:
Northumbria
By Irene J. Nexica
As the northernmost region of England, Northumbria was kicked around between English and Scottish armies for centuries. Border towns like Berwick weathered invasions on an almost yearly basis after the 13th century, and the ruins of fortified castles along the Northumbrian coast attest to the scope of the warring--many castles built in the 12th century were little more than caved-in shells by the 17th century.
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